Life in Mid-Eighteenth Century Pennsylvania

By John T. Humphrey

Page 1, 2, 3, 4

1. "Account Of The Journey Of Br. And Sr. Ludwig v. Schweinitz From Herrnhut To Bethlehem in Pennsylvania," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, (Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1922) 46:329-331.
2. John C. Brickenstein, "The Second Sea Congregation, 1743," Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, 122-123.
3. John C. Brickenstein, "The First Sea Congregation A, D. 1742," Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, p. 42-43; hereafter cited as "The First Sea Congregation."
4. Ibid. 43.
5. Ibid.
6. Carl Theo. Eben, translator, Gottlieb Mittelberger's Journey To Pennsylvania In The Year 1750 And Returning To Germany In The Year 1754 , (Joseph Y. Jeanes, Philadelphia, 1898) 48; hereafter cited as Mittelberger.
7. R. W. Kelsey, "An Early Description of Pennsylvania, Letter Of Christopher Sower, Written In 1724, Describing Conditions In Philadelphia And Vicinity, And The Sea Voyage From Europe," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History And Biography, (The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1921) 45:246; hereafter cited as Saur.
8. Ibid.
9. Mittelberger, 26.
10. Aaron Spencer Fogleman, Hopeful Journeys, German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717-1775, (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1996) 132; hereafter cited as Hopeful Journeys.
11. "The First Sea Congregation," 48-49.
12. Ibid.
13. Map of Philadelphia Published According to an Act of Parliament November 1, 1762 and Sold by the Editors, Matthew, Clarkson and Mary Biddle, Philadelphia, (Reproduced in 1969 by Historic Urban Plans, Ithaca, NY); hereafter cited as Map of Philadelphia 1762.
14. Ralph Beaver Strassburger and William John Hinke, Pennsylvania German Pioneers, A Publication of the Original Lists of Arrivale In The Port of Philadelphia From 1727 to 1808, (Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, 1980) 1:509-574; hereafter cited as Strassburger and Hinke.
15. Billy G. Smith, The Lower Sort, Philadelphia's Laboring People, 1750-1800, (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1990) 15; hereafter cited as The Lower Sort.
16. Ibid., 113.
17. Map of Philadelphia, 1762.
18. Mittelberger, 49.
19. Ibid., 120-121.
20. John T. Humphrey, Pennsylvania Births, Philadelphia County, 1644-1765 and 1766-1780, (Humphrey Publications, Washington DC, 1995). Between 1644 and 1780 17,290 birth/baptisms were recorded in the following English and Scotch-Irish church registers: Christ Church, 4 Friend's Meetings, 1st and 2nd Presbyterian Church, Pennypack Baptist, First Baptist, Trinity Episcopal, Scot's Presbyterian, St. Paul's Episcopal, and St. George's Methodist. Between 1743 and 1780 19,792 births/ baptisms were recorded in the following German churches: St. Michael's and Zion Lutheran, St. Michael's Lutheran, Germantown, First Reformed, Philadelphia, the Reformed Church, Germantown, and the Moravian. Not included in these totals were baptisms from Old Swedes, and St. Joseph's Catholic.
21. Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities In Revolt Urban Life in America 1743-1776, (Oxford University Press, NY, 1955) 135.
22. Ibid.
23. Saur, 247.
24. William Henry Egle, "The Annals of a Moravian Indian Village, 1760-1763," Notes And Queries, Historical, Biographical, And Genealogical Relating Chiefly To Interior Pennsylvania, Annual Volume 1897, (Genealogical Publishing Company, Baltimore, 1970) 153-154.
25. Hopeful Journeys, 59.
26. Ibid., 16.
27. Ibid., 74.
28. Ibid., 77.
29. Mittelberger, 119.
30. Ibid.
31. John W. Kleiner and Helmut T. Lehman, The Correspondence of Heinrich Melchior Mühlenberg, Volume 1, 1740-1747, (Picton Press, Camden, ME, 1986) 118; hereafter cited as Muhlenberg Correspondence.
32. William J. Hinke, "Diaries Of Missionary Travels Among The German Settlers In The American Colonies 1743-1748," The Pennsylvania German Society Proceedings And Addresses, (Published By The Society 1929) 34:79.
33. Muhlenberg Correspondence, 80.
34. Benjamin F. Owen, "Letters of Rev. Richard Locke, and Rev. George Craig, Missionaries In Pennsylvania of the Society For Propagating the Gospel In Foreign Parts, 1746-1752," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, (The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., 1900), 24:470.
35. Ibid.
36. James T. Lemon, The Best Poor Man's Country A Geographical Study of Early Southeastern Pennsylvania, (W. W. Norton & Company, NY, 1972) 37, 63; hereafter cited as Best Poor Man's Country.
37. Ibid., 104.
38. Joshua Gilpin, "Journey To Bethlehem," The Pennsylvania Magazine Of History And Biography, ( The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 1922) 46:30.
39. Ibid.
40. Mittelberger, 119.
41. Capt. F. Ellis, History of Northampton County, Pennsylvania With Illustrations Descriptive of its History, (Peter Fritts, Philadelphia, PA, 1877) 36.
42. Theodore G. Teppert, The Journals of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, (Picton Press, Camden ME, 1942) 1:378; hereafter referred to as Muhlenberg's Journals.
43. William N. Schwarze and Ralf Ridgway Hillman, The Dansbury Diaries, Moravian Travel Diaries 1748-1755 of the Reverend Sven Roseen and others in the area of Dansbury, now Stroudsburg, Pa., (Picton Press, Camden, ME 1994), 26; hereafter referred to as the Dansbury Diaries.
44. Mittelberger, 80-81.
45. John C. Miller, The First Frontier: Life in Colonial America, (Dell Publishing Co., Inc., NY, 1966) 166.
46. J. Hector Crevecoeur, Letters From an American Farmer And Sketches Of 18th-Century America, (Penquin Books, Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1981) 359.
47. John Heil entries, 1768-1776 tax assessments, Northampton County, PA, microcopy XR/702, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
48. Adelaide L. Fries, Records Of The Moravians In North Carolina, (State Department of Archives and History, Raleigh, NC 1968 reprint) 1:50; hereafter cited as Moravians in North Carolina.
49. Mittelberger, 108.
50. Hopeful Journeys, 58.
51. Best Poor Man's Country, 108, Mittelberger, 67.
52. Moravians in North Carolina, 1:48.
53. Dansbury Diaries, 146.
54. Ibid., 145.
55. Ibid., 146.
56. Ibid., 50.
57. Saur, 252.
58. Ibid.
59. Mittelberger, 68.
60. The Lower Sort, 51, 103.
61. Mittelberger, 64.
62. Best Poor Man's Country, 158, 164.
63. Mittelberger, 64.
64. Ibid.
65. Best Poor Man's Country, 167.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Best Poor Man's Country, 154.
71. John Jacob Eyerly, "Outstanding Debts in Mill Book," Northampton County, PA, estate file no. 1994.
72. Agreement: Jacob and Christina Frack with Michael Frack, Recorder of Deeds, Northampton County, PA Deed Book D3:411.
73. Petitions of Citizens for township boundaries and roads, 1721-1800, Bucks County, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, no. Bu/11A:1.
74. Christian Muffley entry, 1798 US Direct Tax For The State of Pennsylvania, 5th District Northampton County, microcopy no. 12, National Archives, Washington DC.
75. Christian Muffley household, 1800 U. S. census, Northampton County, PA, page 79A, National Archives micro film no. 37.
76. John Dietrich, Northampton County, PA, estate file no. 1583.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. Mittelberger, 57.
81. Preston A. Barbara, They Came to Emmaus, (Lehigh Litho, Inc., Bethlehem, PA, 1960) 60.
82. Marlene S. Bates, York County Pennsylvania Church Records of the 18th Century, (Family Line Publications, Westminster, MD, 1991) 5.
83. Mittelberger, 57.
84. Muhlenberg's Journals, 1:317.
85. Ibid., 2:769.
86. Ibid., 2:226.
87. "Scott T. Swank, Arts Of The Pennsylvania Germans, (W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., NY, 1983) 47.